Metahistory
Metahistory and History
Addressing issues beyond individual scale, one
may speak about social constructions, interpretation
contexts, or cultural paradigms. Describing the history of civilizations, Oswald
Spengler considered a culture as a ‘Lebewesen’ (living being) with its own
birth, growth, and development of rise and fall. In the Middle Ages, this
‘Lebewesen’ was named after patron saints or angels that may protect certain
people or a specific culture. Ancient times honored these beings as sons of gods
and the highest representative of a culture was often considered as a divine
incarnation or at least as an intermediary between that culture and those
heavenly beings. Metahistorical study nowadays can not naively start with
metaphysical concepts of history. Spenglers ‘metahistorical schema’ must be
verified with factual events and be extended by doing justice to the difference
of cultures. This was the merit of the historian Arnold Toynbee who critizes
Spengler on these points. However, not only the verification of metahistorical
hypotheses, but also the generation of these hypotheses must relate to
historical events. This search for the metahistorical issues and approaches from
within historical events and contexts is similar with the search for the
‘universal within the particular’. However, from Socrates onwards this
focus on essentials is our biggest challenge in thinking. The struggle about the
‘universalia’ at the start of the universities in medieval times and the
breakthrough of Cartesian thinking has made this ‘Goethian’ approach more
difficult. Although Plato and Aristotle discussed this issue deeply, some
footnotes may be worthwhile for understanding and constructing our own time.
The term ‘metahistory’ suggests a history beyond history.
Nowadays this meta-history is often interpreted philosophically as a
‘reflection on history’ or the ‘philosophy of history’.
Modern philosophy, presupposing a distinction between subject and object,
may suggest to interpret the term ‘meta’ as based on the distance between a
subject reflecting on history and a scientific object. Metahistory in that
context denotes the science to study the methods of history.
In ancient times both the modern subject-object split as well as the
medieval separation between natural and supernatural was not experienced as
such. Although the Greeks did have their own world of gods (especially in the
pre-socratic era), their relation with that world was not yet distinct but more
intimate and closely related to daily experiences due to ritual repetition of
the great mythological stories. E.g. the origin of the Olympic Games is a renewed
experience of a divine struggle with the aim to incorporate divine courage,
persistence and victory. The Greek tragedy may utterly show a world of gods, but
in fact it educated or inaugurated the Greeks, because they recognized these
stories as ‘magnifications of human inclinations’ as we would say today. In
this way, Nietzsche has opened up the underlying Greek dichotomy in the essences of
Dionysos and Apollo for a nihilistic time in this way.
In our current post-modern time we are dealing with these three interpretations of ‘metahistory’:
a greek experience of a divine struggle in the human condition,
a medieval consideration of history from a higher perspective, and
a modern focus on the methodology or the paradigm of history.
Metahistory and Historicism
An important approach in post-modern history is the historical context
determining (the interpretation of) events: a historical event of 3 centuries
ago must fit the paradigm of 3 centuries ago. To
avoid a anachronistic interpretation of events, for example describing a
historical happening with modern terminology and current moral distinctions,
historicism suggests to become synchronic with the time of those events in the
first place.
However, it is not easy to imagine time and place of the
events under study. Historicism requiring this too strictly will disable
historiography: it is after all rather difficult for the generations to
put themselves into the position of the people living in the inter-bellum. Some argue that
the
time before 1917 is hardly possible to become familiar with, or the period of
Europe before the French Revolution, let alone how difficult it is for us to get
inaugurated in the Greek mystery cult.
Historicism in practice limits itself therefore to a formal requirement:
the interpretation of an event must fit current interpretations of other events
in the same period of time. As a side effect, the danger of fragmentation
occurs: the smaller a time-interpretation horizon, the easier to achieve a fit.
From this formal requirement, historicism addresses important methodological
questions of metahistory: how to become synchronic with (distant)
past phenomenons and how to distinguish between short and longer periods of
interpretation horizons? For example, it seems plausible that religious wars
have a longer horizon than fashion issues, but what are the criteria we use and what about the possibility of ‘eternal horizons’ that enable human
beings to experience unfamiliar cultural contexts?
Metahistory and Culture
A possible way to study this kind of metahistorical questions is to link
metahistory with philosophy of cultures: the interpretation horizon fits then
with a specific culture. In this way, it becomes clear that age-old traditions
of Chinese or Jewish culture are not immediately understandable for Western-Europeans nowadays. Referring to the enormous amount of New Age books, one
may conclude that wisdom from other cultures inspires people, but understanding
by becoming synchronic is, metahistorically perceived, something different.
Cultures on this level are quite different, ‘have their own paradigms’ we
would say now, and the experiences of people in a culture may therefore be
different. Realizing a stable multi-cultural society must be based on a mutual
understanding, meaning an understanding of each others culture (with their
origin, traditions and diversities) from within. Metahistory in this perspective
focusses on the questions: what is culture, what is typical for a culture, where are the cultural
bounderies, what determines a culture?
To avoid anachronistic interpretations, not only the cultural context and
terminology of that time must be taken into account, but also the way
‘metahistory’ is perceived. In different cultures different ideas on
metahistory might be used. Even within one tradition, like the Western-European, we
observed different readings of metahistory. This phenomenon requires self-critical and
reflective way of studying. For example, a metahistory of ancient Greek culture
nowadays must include the Greek world of gods, despite the fact that we
might consider this world nowadays differently. Even the interpretation of the
dialogues of Plato, who lived in the transition period between the Greek and
Roman culture, must deal with gods and ‘daemons’, otherwise the content of that written wisdom will not be disclosed. However, if one accepts
that the experience of a world of gods belongs to a period of time (and thus
also for our understanding of that time), but also accepts that the
world of gods is perceived differently nowadays, one must unavoidably deal with the
question: what happened in the mean time? By emphasizing some lessons of current
historicism, one can’t avoid asking how and when, for example, the world of
gods disappeared. Have the Greek gods really vanished, did the medieval god hide
himself, is God dead or is our ability to experience a divine world perished, do
we have still antennas for (very) long term culturally plans (besides our
physical ones)?
The reflectivity in being engaged in metahistory raises new issues that
are hardly addressed in a traditional historical or in a historicistical
approach. For example, a longitudinal search for previous causes of a
(mono-disciplinary) event, as traditional history is aiming at, does neglect
all different kinds of (multi-disciplinary) changes within one culture during a
time of change. But, what happens during that period of change, and how to deal
with the suggestion of an overall (metahistorical) cause within that period of
time? Historicism as a reaction on a naive interpretation of
different times and cultures, suggest interpretation time-frames in which
different concepts and different paradigms can be studied in their own right. But, what happens in-between, and how to deal with (metahistorical)
constancies beyond historical changes. Metahistory suggests the possibility
of a continuity behind changes that might cause a contingency.
Metahistory and Metabletics
Metabletics, the study of changes, focusses on the synchronic nature of
several changes. For example, a new style in church architecture is often established in
the same period as the determination of new theological dogma’s or new
scientific publications. Changes like these can be found by a phenomenological
method. Addressing the synchronic nature of these changes by metabletic studies
suggests a surprising connection; usually we say ‘a new spirit of times
occurred’. Metahistorical studies take it further:
‘what is that spirit of times and why is it occurring at that specific moment
in time? The grounding father of metabletics is the Dutch psychiatrist
professor Jan Hendrik van den Berg. The father of the Dutch metahistory is
cultural philosopher and theologian Frank de Graaff. Both scholars met frequently
and, like experienced chess players, discussed the turning points in history. F. De Graaff departed this life in 1993 and at the same time a celebration
book was published for the occasion of his 75th birthday. The
contribution of J.H. van den Berg for this celebration book was titled:
‘Devoot humanisme’ (devout humanism). This post-renaissance stream in the
flourish period of the European culture, not only had religious dignity but also
a deep respect for human creature. One experienced free will of an individual
co-existing with a sovereignty surpassing any individual. This implacable
duality was cherished and the tragedy occurred as encore to express ultimately
people’s fate on earth. In this way history and metahistory must go together,
although they might be considered and experienced as implacable. The life of
people with their daily ups and downs and at the same time with all their acts
that witnesses a superhuman inspiration is an inexhaustible source for studying
this duel.